Birmingham campaign

The Birmingham campaign, also known as the Birmingham movement or Birmingham confrontation, was an American movement organized in early 1963 by the Southern Christian Leadership Conference to bring attention to the integration efforts of African Americans in Birmingham, Alabama. Led by Martin Luther King Jr., James Bevel, Fred Shuttlesworth and others, the campaign of nonviolent direct action culminated in the 1963 Children's Crusade, widely publicized confrontations between young black students marching peacefully to City Hall to talk to the Mayor and white civic authorities, who stopped them with force, dogs, and fire hoses. These events led the municipal government to change the city's discrimination laws and the federal government to began the process of drafting the 1964 Civil Rights Act. In the early 1960s, Birmingham was one of the most racially divided cities in the United States, enforced both legally and culturally.